Form 9 Endocrinology knowledge check

OMB # 0925-XXXX

Expiration Date: XX/XXXX

ENDOCRINOLOGY KNOWLEDGE CHECK

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1. Global prevalence of Type 2 diabetes is ____ in men than women before age 69 and ____ in men than women afterwards.

   1. Lower; Lower

   2. Lower; Higher

   3. Higher; Higher

   4. Higher; Lower

The correct answer is D. Men exhibited a slightly higher prevalence of diabetes than women before age 60. At older ages, the prevalence of diabetes was slightly higher in women than men.

2. As they age, men are ____ likely to experience dramatic declines in sex hormones compared to women, resulting in ______ bone loss.

   1. More; slower

   2. Less; slower

   3. More; faster

   4. Less; faster

The correct answer is B. Men are less likely to experience dramatic declines in sex hormones compared to women. This results in slower rates of bone loss.

3. Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer is the only non-reproductive cancer with _____ predominance, exhibiting a _____ female:male ratio.

   1. Female; 2:1

   2. Male; 1:2

   3. Female; 3:1

   4. Male; 1:3

The correct answer is C. Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer is the only non-reproductive cancer with female predominance, exhibiting a 3:1 female:male ratio.

4. In adult ovariectomized mice, estrogen replacement with 17-β estradiol attenuates bone loss.

   1. True

   2. False

The correct answer is A. Estrogen replacement with 17-β estradiol attenuates bone loss in adult ovariectomized mice.

5. Preclinical studies clearly show that androgens (testosterone) increase the risk of diabetes.

   1. True

   2. False

The correct answer is A. While some preclinical studies show a protective role for androgens against diabetes, others show testosterone supplementation may be harmful.

6. The Women’s Health Initiative at the NIH included a randomized trial with over 15,000 non-diabetic, postmenopausal women given either combination hormone therapy or placebo. That study found:

   1. Participants in the treatment arm had a lower cumulative incidence of self-reported diabetes.

   2. Participants in the treatment arm had a higher cumulative incidence of self-reported diabetes.

   3. Participants in the treatment arm had improved metabolic profiles compared to baseline.

   4. All of the above

   5. A and C only

The correct answer is E. Participants in the treatment arm had a lower cumulative incidence of self-reported diabetes and improved metabolic profiles compared to baseline.

7. After a hip fracture, men exhibit a _____ mortality risk than women of comparable age, a difference that persists for at least ____ years post-fracture.

   1. Higher; 7 years

   2. Higher; 5 years

   3. Lower; 7 years

   4. Lower; 5 years

The correct answer is B. Men exhibit higher mortality risk than women of comparable age, and the difference persists for at least 5 years post-fracture.

8. Estrogen has been shown to have what effect on thyroid cells in vitro?

   1. Estradiol exposure increases proliferation in cultures of primary (normal) thyroid cells.

   2. Estradiol causes loss of thyroid hormone production.

   3. Estradiol causes mutations and uncontrolled growth.

   4. All of the above

   5. A & B only

The correct answer is A. Estradiol exposure increases proliferation in cultures of primary (normal) thyroid cells.

9. Studies have indicated a net decrease in bone density of 1-4% during pregnancy and lactation, but bone density typically recovers by ___ post-weaning.

   1. 3 months

   2. 6 months

   3. 9 months

   4. 12 months

The correct answer is D. Bone density typically recovers by 12 months post-weaning.

10. Although Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer is more prevalent in women, men with Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer exhibit higher mortality rates.

    1. True

    2. False

The correct answer is A. Although Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer is more prevalent in women, men with Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer exhibit higher mortality rates.